IEEE Publications uses Webster’s College Dictionary, 4th Edition. For guidance on grammar and usage not included in this manual, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style, published by the University of Chicago Press.
Citiation standards in this reference are provided for:
Books
Handbooks Reports
Conference Technical Articles
nline ources
Patents, S tandards, Theses, Unpublished Periodicals References
Books
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of His Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, Country if not
USA: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
NOTE: Use et al. when three or more names are given.
Examples:
[1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.
[2] L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70.
[3] R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S.
Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47-160.
[4] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Applied Mathematics Series 55).
Washington, DC: NBS, 1964, pp. 32-33.
[5] E. F. Moore, “Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines,” in Automata Studies (Ann. of Mathematical
Studies, no. 1), C. E. Shannon and J. McCarthy, Eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1965, pp. 129-153.
[6] Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Staff of Technology and Science, Aerospace Div.), Integrated Electronic
Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
[7] M. Gorkii, “Optimal design,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 12, pp. 111-122, 1961 (Transl.: in L. Pontryagin, Ed.,
The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes. New York: Interscience, 1962, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 127-135).
[8] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters,
Ed., 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64. Handbooks
[1]Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, year, pp. xx-xx. Basic Format:
Examples:
[1] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, 1985, pp. 44–60. [2] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, 1989.
[3] RCA Receiving Tube Manual, Radio Corp. of America, Electronic Components and Devices, Harrison, NJ, Tech.
Ser. RC-23, 1992.
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TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988. Reports
The general form for citing technical reports is to place the name and location of the company or institution after the author and title and to give the report number and date at the end of the reference.
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Rep. xxx, year.
Examples:
E. E. Reberet al., “Oxygen absorption in the earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep.Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas, Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless isotropic plasmas,” USAF Cambridge Res. Labs., Cambridge, MA, Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2.
M. A. Brusberg and E. N. Clark, “Installation, operation, and data evaluation of an oblique-incidence ionosphere sounder system,” in “Radio Propagation Characteristics of the Washington-Honolulu Path,” Stanford Res. Inst., Stanford, CA, Contract NOBSR-87615, Final Rep., Feb. 1995, vol. 1.
P. Diament and W. L. Lupatkin, “V-line surface-wave radiation and scanning,” Dept. Elect. Eng., Columbia Univ., New York, Sci. Rep. 85, Aug. 1991.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Conference Technical Articles
The general form for citing technical articles published in conference proceedings is to list the author/s and title of the paper, followed by the name (and location, if given) of the conference publication in italics using these standard abbreviations.
When the word below appears in the When the word below appears in the
abbreviate to abbreviate to
conference publication title, conference publication title, Annals Ann. Proceedings Proc. Annual Annu. Record Rec. Colloquium Colloq. Symposium Symp. Conference Conf. Technical Digest Tech. Dig. Congress Congr. Technical Paper Tech. Paper Convention Conv. 1st First Digest Dig. 2nd Second Exposition Expo.
3rd Third International Int.
4th/nth...Fourth/nth ... National Nat.
Write out all the remaining words, but omit most articles and prepositions like “of the” and “on.” That is, Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference becomes Proc. 1996 Robotics and Automation Conf.
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State (if given), year, pp.
xxx-xxx. For an electronic conference article when there are no page numbers:
[1]J. K. Author [two authors: J. K. Author and A. N. Writer ] [three or more authors: J. K. Author et al.],
“Title of Article,” in [Title of Conf. Record as it appears on the copyright page],
[copyright year] © [IEEE or applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record]. doi: [DOI number] For an unpublished papr presented at a conference:
[1] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the Unabbrev. Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State, year.
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nline S ources
The basic guideline for citing online sources is to follow the standard citation for the source given previously and add the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) at the end of the citation, or add the DOI in place of page numbers if the source is not
paginated. The DOI for each IEEE conference article is assigned when the article is processed for inclusion in the IEEE Xploredigital library and is included with the reference data of the article in Xplore. See The DOI System for more information about the benefits of DOI referencing.
The following sources are unique in that they are electroniconly sources.
FTP
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author. (year). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Available FTP: Directory: File:
Example:
[1] R. J. Vidmar. (1994). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic reflectors [Online]. Available FTP:
atmnext.usc.edu Directory: pub/etext/1994 File: atmosplasma.txt WWW
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author. (year, month day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Available: http://www.(URL)
Example:
[1] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available: http://www.atm.com
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author. (year, month day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Available e-mail: Message:
Example:
[1] S. H. Gold. (1995, Oct. 10). Inter-Network Talk [Online]. Available e-mail: COMSERVE@RPIECS Message: Get
NETWORK TALK
Telnet
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author. (year, month day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Available Telnet: Directory: File:
Example:
[1] V. Meligna. (1993, June 11). Periodic table of elements [Online]. Available Telnet: Library.CMU.edu Directory:
Libraries/Reference Works File: Periodic Table of Elements
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Patents, tandards, Theses, Unpublished
Patents
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
Example:
[1] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, July 16, 1990. NOTE: Use “issued date” if several dates are given. Standards
Basic Format:
[1] Title of Standard, Standard number, date.
Examples:
[1] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969. [2] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
Theses (M.S.) and Dissertations (Ph.D.)
Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
[2] J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State,
year. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Examples:
J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.
N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
N. M. Amer, “The effects of homogeneous magnetic fields on developments of tribolium confusum,” Ph.D. dissertation, Radiation Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, Tech. Rep. 16854, 1995. *** The state abbreviation is omitted if the name of the university includes the state name, i.e., “Univ. California, Berkeley.”*** C. Becle, These de doctoral d’etat, Univ. Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 1968.
Unpublished
These are the two most common types of unpublished references. Basic Format :
[1] J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year. [2] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished.
Examples:
[1] A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995.
[2] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms,” unpublished.
[3] A. Brahms, “Representation error for real numbers in binary computer arithmetic,” IEEE Computer Group
Repository, Paper R-67-85.
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Periodicals
NOTE:When referencing IEEE Transactions, the issue number should be deleted and month carried. Basic Format:
[1] J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. Examples:
[1] R. E. Kalman, “New results in linear filtering and prediction theory,” J. Basic Eng., ser. D, vol. 83, pp. 95-108,
Mar. 1961.
[2] Ye. V. Lavrova, “Geographic distribution of ionospheric disturbances in the F2 layer,” Tr. IZMIRAN, vol. 19, no.
29, pp. 31–43, 1961 (Transl.: E. R. Hope, Directorate of Scientific Information Services, Defence Research Board of Canada, Rep. T384R, Apr. 1963).
[3]E. P. Wigner, “On a modification of the Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory,” (in German), Math. Naturwiss. Anz. Ungar. Akad. Wiss., vol. 53, p. 475, 1935.
[4]E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag..., to be published.** [5] C. K. Kim, “Effect of gamma rays on plasma,” submitted for publication. **
[6] W. Rafferty, “Ground antennas in NASA’s deep space telecommunications,” Proc. IEEE vol. 82, pp. 636-640,
May 1994. ** Always use this style when the paper has not yet been accepted or scheduled for publication. Do not use “to appear in.”
Abbreviations for IEEE Periodicals
Proceedings of the IEEE abbreviates to: Proc. IEEE Proceedings of the IRE abbreviates to: Proc. IRE (until 1962)
IEEE J. Comput. Aid. Des.
IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.
IEEE J. Quantum Electron. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.
IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process. IEEE J. Sel. Topics. Quantum Electron. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. IEEE Commun. Lett.
IEEE Electron Device Lett.
IEEE Magazines
IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag. IEEE Annals Hist. Comput. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag. IEEE Intell. Syst. IEEE ASSP Mag. (1984–1990) IEEE Internet Comput. IEEE Circuits Devices Mag. (1985–present) IEEE IT Prof. IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. (1979–1984) IEEE Micro IEEE Commun. Mag. (1979–present) IEEE Microwave IEEE Commun. Soc. Mag. (until 1978) IEEE Multimedia IEEE Comput. Appl. Power IEEE Nanotechnol. Mag. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. IEEE Network IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag. IEEE Pers. Commun. IEEE Comput. Sci. Eng. Mag. IEEE Potentials IEEE Computer IEEE Power Eng. Rev. IEEE Concurrency IEEE Robot. Automat. Mag. IEEE Control. Syst. Mag. IEEE Signal Processing Mag. (1991–present) IEEE Des. Test Comput. IEEE Softw. IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. IEEE Spectr. IEEE Eng. Manag. Rev. IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. IEEE Expert (until 1997)Today’s Eng.
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IEEE Journals
IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits IEEE Sensors J. IEEE Syst. J.
IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Jpn. J. Lightw. Technol.
J. Microelectromech. Syst.
IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
IEEE Power Electron. Lett. (until 2005) IEEE Signal Process. Lett.
IEEE Letters
IEEE Transactions abbreviations
IEEE Adv. Packag.
IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw.
IEEE Human–Factors Electron. (until 1968) IEEE Man–Mach. Syst. (until 1970)
IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process. (1975–1990) IEEE Trans. Aeronaut. Navig. Electron. IEEE Trans. Aerosp.
IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Navig. Electron. IEEE Trans. Airbone Electron. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust. (until 1974) IEEE Trans. Autom. Control
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. IEEE Trans. Broadcast.
IEEE Trans. Broadcast. Technol.
IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory (until 1973) IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. (1974–1992)
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl. (until 2003) IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Analog Digit. Signal Process. (until
2003) IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. IEEE Trans. Commun.
IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol. (until 1971)
IEEE Trans. Compon. Hybrids, Manuf. Technol. (1978—1993) IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. A (1994–1998) IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. B (1994–1998) IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. C (1996–1998) IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol. IEEE Trans. Comput.
IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. IEEE Trans. Dev. Mat. Rel.
IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. IEEE Trans. Edu.
IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices
IEEE Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron. (1962–1979) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans. Image Process. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat.
IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Security IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory IEEE Trans. Instrum.
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. IEEE Trans. Magn.
IEEE Trans. Manuf. Technol. (1972–1977) IEEE Trans. Mechatron. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.
IEEE Trans. Microw. Guid. Wave Lett. (1987–1999) IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.
IEEE Trans. Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. (until 2004) IEEE Trans. Mil. Electron. IEEE Trans. Multimedia IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw.
IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst.
IEEE Trans. Parts, Hybrids, Packag. Technol. (June 1971–
1977)
IEEE Trans. Parts, Mater. Packag.
IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. (until 1985) IEEE Trans. Power Del. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. IEEE Trans. Prof. Commun.
IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. (until 2000) IEEE Trans. Reliab.
IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom. IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.
IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason. (until 1985) IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process.
IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. (1971–1995) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. A., Syst. Humans IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B, Cybern. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. C, Appl. Rev. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Eng.
IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.
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References
NOTE: Use et al. when three or more names are given. References in Text:
References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were footnote numbers, e.g.,
as shown by Brown [4], [5]; as mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9]; Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]; Wood et al. [7] or as nouns:
as demonstrated in [3]; according to [4] and [6]–[9]. References Within a Reference:
Check the reference list for ibid. or op. cit. These refer to a previous reference and should be eliminated from the reference section. In text, repeat the earlier reference number and renumber the reference section accordingly. If the ibid. gives a new page number, or other information, use the following forms:
[3, Th. 1]; [3, Lemma 2]; [3, pp. 5-10]; [3, eq. (2)]; [3, Fig. 1]; [3, Appendix I]; [3, Sec. 4.5]; [3, Ch. 2, pp. 5-10]; [3, Algorithm 5].
NOTE: Editing of references may entail careful renumbering of references, as well as the citations in text.
Style
Reference numbers are set flush left and form a column of their own, hanging out beyond the body of the reference. The reference numbers are on the line, enclosed in square brackets. In all references, the given name of the author or editor is abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the last name. Use commas around Jr., Sr., and III in names. If there
are many names, use et al. N hen citing IEEE Transactions, if the ote that wmonth is not available, the number may be kept, although it is normally deleted. Keep the day of the month when referencing a patent. References may notinclude all information; please obtain and include relevant information. Do not combine references. There must be only
one reference with each number. If there is a URL included with the print reference, it can be included at the end of the reference.
When the word below appears in the reference, abbreviate to
Acoustics Acoust. Electrical Elect. Administration Admin. Electronic Electron. Administrative Administ. Engineering Eng.
Ergonomics Ergonom. American Amer.
Evolutionary Evol. Analysis Anal.
Foundation Found. Annals Ann.
Geoscience Geosci. Annual Annu.
Graphics Graph. Apparatus App.
Industrial Ind. Applications Applicat.
Industry Ind. Applied Appl.
Information Inform. Association Assoc.
Institute Inst. Automatic Automat.
Intelligence Intell. Broadcasting Broadcast.
International Int. Business Bus.
Journal J. Communications Commun.
Letter(s) Lett. Computer(s) Comput.
Machine Mach. Congress Congr.
Magazine Mag. Convention Conv.
Management Manage. Correspondence Corresp.
Managing Manag. Cybernetics Cybern.
Department Dept. Mathematic(s) Math. Development Develop. Mathematical Math.
Digest Dig. Mechanical Mech. Economic(s) Econ. National Nat. Education Educ. Newsletter Newslett.
Nuclear Nucl. Occupation Occupat. Philosophical Philosph. Proceedings Proc. Processing Process. Production Prod. Productivity Productiv. Quarterly Quart. Record Rec. Reliability Rel. Report Rep. Royal Roy. Science Sci. Selected Select. Society Soc. Sociological Sociol. Statistics Stat. Studies Stud. Supplement Suppl. Symposium Symp. Systems Syst. Technical Tech.
Telecommunication Telecommun.
Transactions Trans. Vehicular Veh. Working Work.
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